V.
Venkatesh, M.G. Morris, G.B. Davis, and F.D. Davis
MIS Quarterly, 27, 2003, 425-478.
Information technology (IT) acceptance research has yielded many competing
models, each with different sets of acceptance determinants. In
this paper, we (1) review user acceptance literature and discuss
eight prominent models, (2) empirically compare the eight models
and their extensions, (3) formulate a unified theory that integrates
elements across the eight models, and (4) empirically validate
the unified model. The eight models reviewed are the theory of
reasoned action, the technology acceptance model, a motivational
model, the theory of planned behavior, a model combining the technology
acceptance model and the theory of planned behavior, a model of
PC utilization, innovation diffusion theory, and social cognitive
theory. Using data from four organizations over a six-month period
with three points of measurement, the eight models explained between
17 percent and 53 percent of the variance in user intentions to
use information technology. Next, a unified theory, called the
Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), was
formulated, with four core determinants of intention and usage,
and up to four moderators of key relationships. UTAUT was then
tested using the original data and found to outperform the eight
individual models (69 percent adjusted R2). UTAUT was then confirmed
with data from two new organizations with similar results (70 percent
adjusted R2). UTAUT thus provides a useful tool for managers needing
to assess the likelihood of success for new technology introductions
and helps them understand the drivers of acceptance in order to
proactively design interventions (including training, marketing,
etc.) targeted at populations of users that may be less inclined
to adopt and use new systems. The paper also makes several recommendations
for future research including developing a deeper understanding
of the dynamic influences studied here, refining measurement of
the core constructs used in UTAUT, and understanding the organizational
outcomes associated with new technology use.
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